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Put yourself, for a moment, in Paula Radcliffe's customised, ultra-lightweight, heat-reflective running shoes. It is August in Athens, temperatures are nudging 40C and pollutants clog the atmosphere in the Greek capital. Ahead is the small task of running 26.2 miles with the weight of a nation's expectation on your shoulders; an Olympic gold medal with your name on it dangles tantalisingly at the finish line. What Christian Louboutin Lady Peep Spikes is a girl to wear on such an occasion?

Radcliffe's wardrobe has, in fact, been sorted for months, the culmination of years of scientific research. Nothing off the peg for Britain's golden girl - each item uses cutting-edge technology to assist her quest for glory. As well as the tailor-made trainers developed by her sponsors, Nike, her ensemble includes featherweight, carbon eyewear to reflect the sun's glare; knee-length power socks to reduce leg fatigue by minimising muscle vibration, and British team kit which, according to its maker, Adidas, "is designed to act like a personal air-conditioning system", using specially constructed fabrics to take sweat away from the skin.

An hour before running, Radcliffe will model a Precool vest which discreetly holds ice packs in its lining to reduce core body temperature by 19% and minimise heat injury risk. On the bridge of her nose she will place a sticking plaster, proven to increase nasal air flow during intense exercise.

Radcliffe is Christian Louboutin Dafsling 160mm Leather not alone in using science to enhance her performance. Olympic competition is now as much Christian Louboutin Super Vic 120mm a battle of technological expertise among sports manufacturers as it is of human endeavour. In Athens, expect to witness the world's best runners, swimmers and cyclists in skin-tight catsuits and wearing sprint shoes with springs in the heel.

Of the big players in sports goods manufacturing, most are cagey about how much they invest in the research and development of clothing and equipment for elite athletes. But both Adidas and Nike admit that they employ more than 30 full-time designers and scientists, many of whom spend each four-year Olympic cycle working on an individual shoe or swimsuit, as well as recruiting experts from other professions to work on particular projects. Much of what the big companies produce for top-level sportspeople is too specific and too expensive for the mass market (some sprint shoes, costing 300, are good for only one race). But seeing their logo on the feet of an Olympic champion means priceless exposure.

Of primary concern in Athens is reducing body heat in Christian Louboutin Lady Peep Sling 150mm Nude/White the searing temperatures, preventing a debilitating effect on energy levels and performance. As the designer of Great Britain's team kit, Adidas began consulting scientists four years ago to create the ClimaCool fabrics now used in every item. In the initial stages, George Havenith, a physiologist at Loughborough University's department of human science and an expert in heat and cold stress, conducted body-mapping studies to determine "the precise sweat and cooling patterns of athletes exposed to similar conditions that they will face in Athens". With 2-3m sweat glands around the body, Havenith wanted to "see how Christian Louboutin Outlet and where most sweat was produced during intense activity".

He and his colleagues also analysed how specific areas of the body cope with hotter and cooler temperatures, whether body fat deposits significantly increase the rate at which heat is pushed through to the body's core. "We provided information to help Adidas produce clothing to aid sweat evaporation from skin - the body's internal cooling mechanism," says Havenith.

Each item of the team's kit features hundreds of tiny indents on the body side of the fabric that pull sweat outwards, along with an in-built ventilation chimney on vests that, says another consultant, Steve Ingham of the Olympic Medical Institute in Northwick Park Hospital, Harrow, "raises it from the skin so that heat can escape more easily".

For swimmers, research is no less rigorous. At the cutting edge of pool attire is Speedo's Fastskin II all-in-one suit, claimed to be the "world's fastest swimsuit". Although this largely depends on which swimmer it adorns, its credentials are impressive. Working with Oliver Crimmen, a resident shark expert in the fish department of the Natural History Museum, Speedo's designers came up with a fabric that simulates the scales, dermal denticles and overall texture of shark's skin to reduce the drag in the water that slows a swimmer. Using life-sized virtual dummies of world champion swimmers, created by the same Hollywood special effects team that worked on films such as Spider-Man and The Matrix, scientists proved the suit raised performance by up to 4%.

"With computational fluid dynamics we could mathematically build a water flume inside our computer," says scientist Barry Bixler, who led the trials. "We analysed flow, with incredibly consistent results enabling us to produce specific swimsuits for specific swimming events."

Construction delays in Athens meant that the roof planned to cover the pool was never built, and experts were concerned that the sun's glare would damage swimmers' eyes, particularly the vulnerable retina. Speedo is one of several companies to produce goggles with titanium lenses, providing up to 60% more protection than normal. Meanwhile, Nike has made the world's first strapless goggles that affix to the eye socket with medical glue and further reduce Christian Louboutin Lady Peep Sling 150mm Nude drag.

Back on the track, it is a British designer, Eddie Harber, now based at Nike's design headquarters in Oregon, who has spent six years refining the company's Olympic showpiece, the Swift Suit, for Australian and American athletes. Accounting for everything from predicted wind flow through stadia to athletes' hairstyles, Harber has shown that, in order to reach top speed, exposed skin and body hair should be kept under wraps

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